Docker 入门教程：常用命令介绍

查看 Docker 版本和系统信息

我们可以分别使用 docker version 和 docker info 查看 Docker 版本和系统信息

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           19.03.1
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.12.5
 Git commit:        74b1e89
 Built:             Thu Jul 25 21:18:17 2019
 OS/Arch:           darwin/amd64
 Experimental:      false

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          19.03.1
  API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.12.5
  Git commit:       74b1e89
  Built:            Thu Jul 25 21:17:52 2019
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          v1.2.6
  GitCommit:        894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.0-rc8
  GitCommit:        425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.18.0
  GitCommit:        fec3683


[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker info
Client:
 Debug Mode: false

Server:
 Containers: 35
  Running: 0
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 35
 Images: 23
 Server Version: 19.03.1
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: extfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
 runc version: 425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
 init version: fec3683
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
.....
 Live Restore Enabled: false
 Product License: Community Engine

搜索镜像

有时候，我们想到 Docker 仓库下载自己想要的镜像，但是仓库里面的镜像太多，我们很难记住完整镜像名字，这时候，我们可以使用下面命令去仓库搜索镜像：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker search --format "table {{.Name}}\t{{.Description}}\t{{.IsOfficial}}" nginx
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     OFFICIAL
nginx                             Official build of Nginx.                        [OK]
jwilder/nginx-proxy               Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm           Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…
linuxserver/nginx                 An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…
bitnami/nginx                     Bitnami nginx Docker Image
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp               Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager          Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…
nginxdemos/hello                  NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…
nginx/unit                        NGINX Unit is a dynamic web and application …
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager       Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager
nginx/nginx-ingress               NGINX Ingress Controller for Kubernetes
privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine       PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al…
schmunk42/nginx-redirect          A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…
blacklabelops/nginx               Dockerized Nginx Reverse Proxy Server.
centos/nginx-112-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …
centos/nginx-18-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…
nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged       Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles
raulr/nginx-wordpress             Nginx front-end for the official wordpress:f…
nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter   NGINX Prometheus Exporter
sophos/nginx-vts-exporter         Simple server that scrapes Nginx vts stats a…
mailu/nginx                       Mailu nginx frontend
pebbletech/nginx-proxy            nginx-proxy sets up a container running ngin…
ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb   An APB to deploy NGINX
centos/nginx-110-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.10 or building …
wodby/nginx                       Generic nginx

docker search 的详细使用请参见这里。

下载镜像

从 Docker 仓库下载镜像到本地可以使用 docker image pull 或 docker pull，具体如下：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker image pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
8ec398bc0356: Pull complete
a53c868fbde7: Pull complete
79daf9dd140d: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:70821e443be75ea38bdf52a974fd2271babd5875b2b1964f05025981c75a6717
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
docker.io/library/nginx:latest

或者
[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
8ec398bc0356: Pull complete
a53c868fbde7: Pull complete
79daf9dd140d: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:70821e443be75ea38bdf52a974fd2271babd5875b2b1964f05025981c75a6717
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
docker.io/library/nginx:latest

下载镜像的用法为 docker pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG|@DIGEST] 或者 docker image pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG|@DIGEST]，如果你没指定 TAG，则默认使用 latest，如果需要使用特定的 tag，可以如下使用：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker pull nginx:stable-alpine-perl

查看下载的所有镜像

可以使用 docker images 或者 docker image ls 查看本机下载的所有镜像：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker images
REPOSITORY                     TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx                          latest              5ad3bd0e67a9        10 days ago         127MB
ubuntu                         latest              ccc6e87d482b        2 weeks ago         64.2MB
iteblog/hbase-phoenix-docker   1.0                 978d21a23ec3        3 months ago        1.55GB
hello-world                    latest              fce289e99eb9        13 months ago       1.84kB

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker image ls
REPOSITORY                     TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx                          latest              5ad3bd0e67a9        10 days ago         127MB
ubuntu                         latest              ccc6e87d482b        2 weeks ago         64.2MB
iteblog/hbase-phoenix-docker   1.0                 978d21a23ec3        3 months ago        1.55GB
hello-world                    latest              fce289e99eb9        13 months ago       1.84kB

删除本地镜像

可以使用 docker image rm [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...] 删除本机下载的镜像：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker image rm 655180bd3625 7a5a0eeb30df 0d27b6964665

运行容器

假设我们想使用 Docker 运行刚刚下载的 nginx 服务器，可运行以下命令：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker run -p 8888:80 nginx

运行上面的命令之后，我们就启动了一个 nginx 服务器，-p 8888:80 会告诉 Docker 将本机端口 8888 映射到 Docker 容器端口 80，这时候我们就可以通过本机的 http://localhost:8888 访问刚刚启动的 nginx 服务器。

上面命令直接在命令行上运行容器的，如果命令行关闭，这个容器也自然关闭了。我们可以通过加上 -d 参数以分离模式启动容器：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker run -p 8888:80 -d nginx
d2acc1eaa8f964bbdf64c6c84df58d35ac04ef88cc40f0bdefb7dee59a5b6a91

注意：docker run = docker creat + docker start

列出所有正在运行的容器

可以使用 docker ps 命令列出所有正在运行的容器：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
d2acc1eaa8f9        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   3 minutes ago       Up 3 minutes        0.0.0.0:8888->80/tcp   goofy_mcnulty

上面命令列出了容器的 ID、镜像名字、创建时间、以及容器名字。在这个例子里面，容器的名字为 goofy_mcnulty，我们可以在启动容器的时候指定我们自定义的名字：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker run  --name iteblog_nginx -p 8889:80  -d nginx
76a85168b716c17c7c002912fa05ee8c6af1fd6e3d59e9215543d971dc619971

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
76a85168b716        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   4 seconds ago       Up 3 seconds        0.0.0.0:8889->80/tcp   iteblog_nginx
d2acc1eaa8f9        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   9 minutes ago       Up 9 minutes        0.0.0.0:8888->80/tcp   goofy_mcnulty

可以看出，容器的名字已经变成 iteblog_nginx 了。

启动，停止，重启和杀死容器

要停止一个运行的容器，可以使用 docker stop，并且指定要停止的容器 ID 或者容器名称，也就是上面 docker ps 命令显示的 CONTAINER ID 或 NAMES：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker stop iteblog_nginx
iteblog_nginx
[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
d2acc1eaa8f9        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   12 minutes ago      Up 12 minutes       0.0.0.0:8888->80/tcp   goofy_mcnulty

可以看出，名为 iteblog_nginx 的容器已经停止运行了。

可以使用 docker start/restart 分别启动/重启动容器：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker start iteblog_nginx
iteblog_nginx
[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
76a85168b716        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   5 minutes ago       Up 3 seconds        0.0.0.0:8889->80/tcp   iteblog_nginx
d2acc1eaa8f9        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   14 minutes ago      Up 14 minutes       0.0.0.0:8888->80/tcp   goofy_mcnulty
[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker restart iteblog_nginx
iteblog_nginx
[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
76a85168b716        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   5 minutes ago       Up 1 second         0.0.0.0:8889->80/tcp   iteblog_nginx
d2acc1eaa8f9        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   14 minutes ago      Up 14 minutes       0.0.0.0:8888->80/tcp   goofy_mcnulty

可以使用 docker kill 杀死正在运行的容器：

[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker kill iteblog_nginx
iteblog_nginx
[iteblog@iteblog.com ~]$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
d2acc1eaa8f9        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   15 minutes ago      Up 15 minutes       0.0.0.0:8888->80/tcp   goofy_mcnulty

本文仅仅列出 Docker 一部分命令，还有大量的命令并未涉及，如果有需要可以去 Docker 官方文档去查阅，这里就不再介绍了。